Echolocation: Bats and whales behave in surprisingly similar ways

Echolocation: Bats and whales behave in surprisingly similar ways

Echolocation systems are one of Nature's extremely successful specializations. About 1,100 species of bats and roughly 80 species of toothed whales use the technique -- this is 25% of all living species of mammals. But why have such different animals as whales and bats both developed the same technique? The reason cannot be found in kinship, as bats and whales are no closer related to each other than all other mammals descended from the same land vertebrates for 200 million years ago.

The answer lies in convergent evolution -- when almost identical features or developments happen in different species. Through evolution both bats and toothed whales have developed the same functional characteristics.

Researchers from the two Danish universities, Aarhus University and University of Southern Denmark, have now studied the acoustic properties of the technique behind echolocation in bats and whales in the wild. Previous studies of their abilities to locate and catch prey have primarily been based on laboratory tests, and the studies in the wild now provide a much more realistic picture of how the animals use echolocation.

The studies have been published in the scientific magazine Physiology entitled "Functional Convergence in Bat and Toothed Whale Biosonars." The authors of the study are Professor Peter Teglberg Madsen from Aarhus University and Professor Annemarie Surlykke from University of Southern Denmark.

"Our studies have shown that the sounds of bats and toothed whales are surprisingly similar. This is due to two things: First, all mammalian ears are developed in quite similar ways, and second, -- which is the most surprising -- the contradicting physical conditions in air and water along with the differences in size of the animals even out the differences, that you would expect in the sound frequency," says Professor Annemarie Surlykke from University of Southern Denmark.

As a bat is much smaller than a whale and its prey is accordingly smaller, it needs to produce sounds with a very high frequency in order to achieve the same capacity to determine direction and size of its prey. However, the effect of the higher frequency will be partially cancelled out by the fact that the sound is transported five times as slowly and that the sound waves therefore are five times as short in air as in water.

The researchers conclude that bats and toothed whales produce signals for echolocation in the same frequency range, from 10 to 200 kHz.

The advantage of operating in water rather than air is that the whale's "acoustic field of vision" is up to six times larger than the bat's. The "acoustic field of vision" is the area where the animal can "see" their surroundings using echolocation. A sperm whale can echolocate prey up to 500 meters away, while a bat's echolocation distance is only 2-10 meters.

Bats fly fast and cover approx. one echolocation distance per second. Therefore they often spend less than a second on detecting and catching their prey. Whales move more slowly and have a much greater echolocation distance. Thus they have more time to pick up information from the echoes and they have time to select their prey more carefully. This may explain why bats do not seem to be particularly picky with their prey, while toothed whales are much more selective about their food. The bat simply does not have the time to choose -- it goes for fast food!

In the last part of the hunting phase, when they approach their prey both toothed whales and bats emit a series of buzzing sounds: Weak and short sound pulses at very short intervals -- similar to strobe lights. It is a very complex mechanism that scientists do not yet fully understand. The animals control very carefully when they emit sounds and when they listen for echoes -- and they adjust this exactly to their own and the prey's speed. If they emit the buzzing sounds too fast they do not have time to listen for the echoes. If they do it too slowly they risk hitting obstacles on the fly.

"The mechanism must play a key role but we do not yet know exactly which one," says Professor Peter Teglberg from Aarhus University and continues: "There is a need for further studies and fortunately new technologies make it possible to track animals in the wild, study their behavior and compare these results with the knowledge we have from the laboratory."

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'Lost world' discovered on Australias Cape York Peninsula

'Lost world' discovered on Australias Cape York Peninsula

Oct. 28, 2013 — A James Cook University-National Geographic expedition to Cape York Peninsula in north-east Australia has found three vertebrate species new to science and isolated for millions of years -- a bizarre looking leaf-tail gecko, a golden-coloured skink and a boulder-dwelling frog.

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Earlier this year Dr Conrad Hoskin from James Cook University and National Geographic photographer/Harvard University researcher Dr Tim Laman teamed up for an expedition to explore a remote mountain range on Cape York Peninsula in north-east Australia.

The rugged mountain range of Cape Melville is an amazing place -- millions of black granite boulders the size of cars and houses piled hundreds of meters high. Surveys have previously been conducted in the boulder-fields around the base of Cape Melville but the plateau of boulder-strewn rainforest on top had remained largely unexplored, fortressed by massive boulder walls.

In March this year, with funding from the National Geographic Expedition Council, Hoskin, Laman and a National Geographic film crew flew in by helicopter to explore the uplands. The results were incredible. Within several days they had discovered three highly distinct new vertebrate species (a leaf-tailed gecko, a golden-coloured skink, and a boulder-dwelling frog) as well as a host of other interesting species that may also be new to science.

"Finding three new, obviously distinct vertebrates would be surprising enough in somewhere poorly explored like New Guinea, let alone in Australia, a country we think we've explored pretty well," said Dr Hoskin.

The upland of Cape Melville is a thoroughly isolated rainforest island in a 'sea' of hot, dry forest. The gecko, skink, frog and other rainforest-associated inhabitants have been completely isolated up there for millions of years.

"These species are restricted to the upland rainforest and boulder-fields of Cape Melville. They've been isolated there for millennia, evolving into distinct species in their unique rocky environment," Dr Hoskin said.

The three new species have been named by Dr Hoskin, with the descriptions appearing in October issues of the international journal Zootaxa.

The highlight was the discovery of the leaf-tailed gecko. Leaf-tail geckos are large (20 cm), 'primitive-looking' geckos that are Gondwanan relics from a time when rainforest was more widespread in Australia. The Cape Melville Leaf-tailed Gecko is highly distinct from all relatives and has been named Saltuarius eximius. The species name translates as 'exceptional', 'extraordinary' or 'exquisite', in reference to its unusual form and how distinct it is.

"The second I saw the gecko I knew it was a new species. Everything about it was obviously distinct," said Dr Hoskin.

This spectacular gecko is hidden in the boulders in the day and emerges at night to hunt on rocks and trees. Highly camouflaged, the geckos sit motionless, head-down waiting to ambush passing insects and spiders. Intriguing features of the gecko are its huge eyes and incredibly long and slender body and limbs -- probably all adaptations to life in the dimly lit boulder-fields.

Patrick Couper, Curator of Reptiles and Frogs at the Queensland Museum, and collaborator on the gecko's description, said "That this gecko was hidden away in a small patch of rainforest on top of Cape Melville is truly remarkable."

"What makes it even more remarkable is that two other totally new vertebrates were found at the same time." he said.

"The Cape Melville Leaf-tailed Gecko is the strangest new species to come across my desk in 26 years working as a professional herpetologist. I doubt that another new reptile of this size and distinctiveness will be found in a hurry, if ever again, in Australia."

The Cape Melville Shade Skink (Saproscincus saltus) was also discovered and described. This beautiful golden-coloured skink is also restricted to moist rocky rainforest on the plateau. It is also long-limbed, but unlike the gecko is active by day, running and jumping across the mossy boulders hunting insects. The species name 'saltus', means 'leaping'. This species is highly distinct from its relatives, which are in rainforests to the south.

Also discovered was a fascinating boulder-dwelling frog, the Blotched Boulder-frog (Cophixalus petrophilus). This small frog is completely restricted to the boulder-fields at Cape Melville. Aptly, its species name means 'rock-loving'. During the dry season the frog lives deep down in the labyrinth of the boulder-field where conditions are cool and moist. In the summer wet season the frog emerges on the surface rocks to feed and breed in the rain.

"You might wonder how a frog's tadpoles can live in a 'hollow' boulder-field with no water sitting around." Dr Hoskin said. "The answer is that the eggs are laid in moist rock cracks and the tadpoles develop within the eggs, guarded by the male, until fully-formed froglets hatch out. As for the gecko, its eyes are very large -- once again an adaptation for life in the dimly lit boulder-piles."

"This frog lives most of its life deep in the boulder-fields where it is dark, cool and moist, and only comes to the surface when it rains." Dr Hoskin said.

Given the discovery of three new vertebrate species, Cape Melville clearly holds many more secrets for future expeditions.

"The top of Cape Melville is a lost world. Finding these new species up there is the discovery of a life time -- I'm still amazed and buzzing from it." said Dr Hoskin.

An illustrated feature story on the expedition can be seen at: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131025-lost-world-australia-gecko-frog-skink-science-animals/

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Business The ARM Club

Business The ARM Club

2013/10/29

ARM has launched an interactive platform to make it easier to design around its architecture and act as a  hub where developers and design engineers can collaborate, discuss ideas and challenges, and stay updated on the latest news from ARM and its partner CC Teams.

The ARM ecosystem includes more than 1,000 partners, countless developers and engineers developing ARM-based solutions.

“With the rapid pace of innovation today, the interactive exchange of ideas and access to information are more critical than ever before,” says Ian Drew, ARM’s CMO, “this interactive platform complements the existing ARM Connected Community program and provides a forum for meaningful discussion around ARM technologies and architecture.”

The platform comprises a series of sub-communities, known as “places”. Each place has moderators to work with subject-matter experts, advocates and developers to create content, engage with community members, and help drive discussion.

In the first phase of the platform’s development, it focuses on the following areas:

Android – This place targets developers of devices or apps for Android, and includes information including Android porting guides, reference platform details and Linux kernel data.

Embedded – This place will discuss the trends, products and platforms that serve a range of embedded markets across automotive, industrial, medical, home, agriculture and numerous other industries

ARM Mali graphics- This is a place to ask questions, collaborate on projects and discuss the latest Mali™ GPU tools, drivers and development platforms.

ARM Cortex processors – This is the place to be for all things related to ARM Cortex® processors, whether you are an established developer, designer, SoC expert or just getting started on ARM.

Smart and Connected – This place focuses on mobile, computing, wearables and consumer electronics based on ARM technology.

SoC Implementation – This place delves into planning and designing SoCs, as conversations will cover design and implementation, technology challenges, manufacturing processes and physical IP.

ARM and Keil Tools – This place focuses on software development families that offer all the necessary solutions for every stage of the software development workflow – such as the ARM mbed development platform, DS-5 embedded development tools and Keil MDK-ARM software development environment.

China – This place is completely in simplified Chinese and contains blogs, discussions, videos and whitepapers to help our Chinese developer community to design on the ARM architecture.

News  – This place is the center for news and event information surrounding ARM and the ARM ecosystem.

Find a Partner – The partner directory collates profiles and product family information from the global network of more than 1,000 partner companies which provide solutions along the value chain for products based on the ARM architecture.

The conversation can be joined at  http://community.arm.com.

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How poverty molds the brain

How poverty molds the brain

Oct. 29, 2013 — Groundbreaking research nearly two decades ago linking a mother's educational background to her children's literacy and cognitive abilities stands out among decades of social science studies demonstrating the adverse effects of poverty.

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Now new research conducted at Northwestern University has taken that finding in a neuroscientific direction: linking poor processing of auditory information in the adolescent brain to a lower maternal educational background.

"These adolescents had noisier neural activity than their classmates, even when no sound was presented," said Nina Kraus, the Hugh Knowles Professor of Neurobiology, Physiology and Communication Sciences at Northwestern and corresponding author of the study.

In addition, the neural response to speech for the adolescents from a lower maternal educational background was erratic over repeated stimulation, with lower fidelity to the incoming sound.

"Think about the neural noise like static in a radio -- with the announcer's voice coming in faintly," Kraus said.

Maternal education acted as a proxy for socioeconomic status for the study. Adolescents were divided into two groups, according to whether their mothers had a high school education or less or had completed some post-secondary schooling.

Not only did the adolescents from a lower maternal educational background have neural responses to speech sounds that were nosier, more variable and represented the input signal weakly, but their performances on tests of reading and working memory also were poorer.

"The impoverished brain: Disparities in maternal education affect the neural response to sound" will be published Oct. 30 in the Journal of Neuroscience. Its authors are Erika Skoe, assistant professor of speech, language and hearing sciences at the University of Connecticut; Jennifer Krizman, a doctoral student in Northwestern's Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory; and Kraus, also the director of the Auditory Neuroscience Lab.

This study builds on evidence that children from low-income families experience a type of auditory impoverishment. The landmark study by Hart and Risley (1995) revealed that children in high-income families are exposed to 30 million more words than children from families on welfare. This reduction in the quality and quantity of language input, along with greater exposure to unstructured sound such as ambient noise, may be affecting how the brain represents auditory information.

In urban populations, income and amount of noise exposure are known to be correlated. Consistent with the idea that noisy auditory environments increase neural noise, the new Journal of Neuroscience study found that the adolescents from the lower maternal educational group have increased neural activity in the absence of sound input.

According to the study, "Neural models indicate that when the input to a neuron is noisier, the firing rate becomes more variable, ultimately limiting the amount of sensory information that can be transmitted."

"If your brain is creating a different signal each time you hear a sound, you might be losing some of the details of the sound," said Skoe, lead author of the study. "Losing these details may create challenges in the classroom and other noisy settings."

The new research conducted at Northwestern contributes to a recent wave of neuroscientific research demonstrating that sociocultural factors influence brain structure and function.

Another recently published study from the Kraus lab showed that inconsistent neural responses to sounds relate to poor reading but that by acoustically augmenting the classroom, neural responses became more stable.

"Modifying the auditory world for a particular student, even if just for a portion of the day, may improve academic performance and fine-tune how sound is automatically encoded in the brain," Skoe said.

Ongoing work in Northwestern's Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory is investigating whether auditory enrichment in the form of music education and other school-based activities can offset the negative impact of an impoverished acoustic environment.

For the new study, brain activity of Chicago Public School adolescents, almost all ninth-graders, was assessed both in response to and in the absence of auditory input. The nervous system's responses to speech sounds were observed through passive electrophysiological recordings, with students grouped according to the highest educational level achieved by their mothers.

The responses reflect activity from a communication hub within the central nervous system that provides a snapshot of sensory, cognitive and reward circuits that are engaged to process sound. These fundamental, automatic responses to sound reflect past and ongoing sensory experiences and relate to linguistic and cognitive function.

The collection protocol for "the impoverished auditory brain" lasted roughly 20 minutes, during which participants sat comfortably watching a self-selected subtitled movie, while the brain response to speech syllables was passively collected.

The syllables were presented at a rapid rate to the right ear through an earphone placed in the ear canal. The left ear remained unblocked, making the movie sound track audible yet not intense enough to mask the stimulus.

The syllables chosen are common to many languages of the world, and their acoustic characteristics are perceptually challenging.

In addition, IQ assessments for the students were collected, and they were administered a standardized, age-normed test battery of reading ability and executive function (working memory). Previous work has revealed that the neurobiological systems mediating higher order functions such as language, memory and executive function are especially sensitive to disparities in socioeconomic status.

"By studying socioeconomic status within a neuroscientific framework, we have the potential to expand our understanding of the biological signatures of poverty," Kraus concluded. "And a better understanding of how experiences shape the brain could inform educational efforts aimed at closing the socioeconomic achievement gap."

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Scientists shine light on world's least-studied bat

Scientists shine light on world's least-studied bat

Today, in a paper in the open access journal ZooKeys, a team of bat biologists led by Don Buden of the College of Micronesia published a wealth of new information on this "forgotten" species, including the first detailed observations of wild populations.

And it is none too soon, says paper co-author Kristofer Helgen of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, as the low-lying atolls this bat calls home are likely to be increasingly affected by rising ocean waters brought on by climate change.

"Very little is known about many of the mammals that live on remote Pacific islands, including this beautiful flying fox," Helgen said. "This study gives us our first close look at a remarkable bat."

The lone London specimen was collected in 1870 from the Mortlock Islands, a series of atolls that are part of the Federated States of Micronesia in the west-central Pacific Ocean. British biologist Oldfield Thomas used this specimen to name the species Pteropus phaeocephalus in 1882. But during a recent study of the bat, Buden discovered that a German naturalist voyaging on a Russian expedition had observed and named the animal some 50 years earlier.

"We found a report written by F.H. Kittlitz in 1836 describing his expedition to the Pacific Islands in the late 1820s. In that report he describes the flying-foxes of the Mortlocks and names them Pteropus pelagicus," Buden said. "This means the species was named long before Thomas's description in 1882."

According to internationally established rules for naming animals, the earliest available scientific name of a species must be officially adopted. In the ZooKeys paper the scientists comply with this rule by renaming the Mortlock Islands flying fox Pteropus pelagicus. Not only does Kittlitz correctly deserve credit for the discovery of the species 50 years earlier than previously thought, but he can now also be credited for its "new" original name.

During their research -- which involved careful study of the skulls and skins of related flying fox species in 8 different museums on 3 different continents -- the researchers straightened out a second point of confusion in the scientific literature regarding these animals. They demonstrated that flying foxes from the nearby islands of Chuuk Lagoon, long regarded as the separate species Pteropus insularis, are best regarded as a subspecies of Pteropus pelagicus. This finding shows that the Mortlock flying fox has a wider geographic distribution than previously realized.

New fieldwork on the Mortlock Islands revealed more than name changes. The article describes the first study of the behavior, diet and conservation status of this flying fox, finding that the Mortlock Islands support a small population of 900 to 1,200 bats scattered across a land surface of only 4.6 square miles. Legal rules have brought better protection to the species, which was once heavily hunted and exported for food.

But the future of the species remains uncertain, Helgen points out. In their study of Mortlock Islands geography, the researchers learned none of the islands are more than a few meters high. Rising sea levels, generated by climate change, pose a serious threat to the flying foxes' habitat and its food resources through flooding, erosion and contamination of freshwater supplies.

"When we think of climate change having an impact on a mammal species, what comes to mind most immediately is an Arctic animal like the polar bear, which depends on sea ice to survive," Helgen said. "But this flying fox may be the best example of a mammal species likely to be negatively impacted by warming global climates. Here is a tropical mammal that has survived and evolved for hundreds of millennia on little atolls near the equator. How much longer will it survive as sea levels continue to rise?"

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日企将首次与清华合作研发分析测量仪器

日企将首次与清华合作研发分析测量仪器

据《日本经济新闻》近日道称，日本分析测量仪器厂商堀场制作所将与清华大学合作，共同研究防治大气以及水质污染的环保技术。首先将共同开发用于测量及分析造成微小颗粒物PM2.5发生的原因物质的设备。2013年年内计划在北京市内开始进行实际性操作试验。

报道指出，目前中国正加速制定环境治理对策，相关的大规模投资计划和限制措施也陆续出台。这对于在环保技术方面拥有优势的日本企业来说，将有望扩大商机。

此次，日本堀场制作所将与清华大学环境学院建立合作。将运用堀场制作所的测量技术，开发集尘能力及耐用性更强的，适合中国使用的新型设备。该设备将实现每小时自动对空气中的硫磺、盐酸、锰以及铁等有害物质进行测量。据称，相比目前使用的设备，该设备将具备对造成污染的原因进行详细分析的能力。

日本企业与清华大学在相关领域的合作尚属首次。据《日经新闻》透露，双方计划在北京市内的15个点分别设置开发的新设备，对市内各区域的污染状况和倾向进行分析。清华大学在中国国内有拥有对政策进行提案的机制，因此可以立足于研究成果敦促中国政府加强实施限制措施。双方还计划共同开发测定水质污染的相关仪器。

据悉，中国政府计划在今后5年间投入总共1.75万亿元用于整治大气污染。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

主要产品为：

线材系列： DC电源线、USB连接线、转接线材、HDMI线、RCA音视频连接线、MHL连接线、HDMI高清数据线、USB数据线、MHL 手机数据线材、RCA音频视频线、三星S3 S4转接及数据线、DVI连接线、DB连接线、MINI DIN连接线、弹弓线

连接器系列：Mini USB接口连接器、HDMI接口连接器、手机连接器、USB接口连接器、DIN接口连接器、DIN连接器、Mini USB连接器、HDMI连接器

热敏电阻系列：高耐热性热敏电阻、贴片热敏电阻、热敏电阻传感器、高精度热敏电阻、高耐热性电阻

红外线感应器系列：非接触红外传感器、热电堆

二极管系列

烤线加工等相关线材组立加工。已通过ISO-9001:2008质量管理体系认证和ISO-14001:2004 环境管理体系认证。直接海外美金付款同时可开具17％的增值税发票和提供转厂合同，满足广大客户的需求。

:amp安普连接器 ptc热敏电阻 保持电流 连接器 db62 封装 手机板对板连接器 投影功能 手机 中片散 易驱线 热敏电阻 阻值与温度 水下迷宫怎么走地图 720p投影仪选购 日本品牌投影仪 手机内置天线 mini din连接器 滤波片 固定 oppo909 支持mhl协议 5.6v稳压管 mhl 连接 hd-sdi 转 hdmi 原理 圆形连接器usb口 油压传感器95372泉州

3D IC明年将量产 设备厂商迎商机

3D IC明年将量产 设备厂商迎商机

台积电(2330)、日月光、矽品等大厂积极架构2.5D及3D IC封测产能，一般预料明年将进入3D IC量产元年，启动高阶生产线及3D IC设备商机，国内主要设备供应商弘塑、辛耘及万润等业绩吃香。

设备厂表示，3D IC可以改善存储器产品的性能表现与可靠度，并可协助减低成本与缩小产品尺寸，现今全球包括台积电、日月光、矽品、意法、三星、尔必达、美光、格罗方德、IBM、英特尔等多家公司都已陆续投入3D IC的研发与生产。

日月光集团研发中心总经理唐和明透露，目前3D IC从设计工具、制造、封装测试等所有流程的解决方案大致已准备就绪;日月光在2.5D IC及3D IC也已即将进入接单量产阶段。

据了解，2.5D及3D IC从前段、中段到后段制程均相当精密，各厂为了降低成本，近年来积极导入本土设备，也为提供湿制程酸槽设备、晶圆旋转机台及植晶设备的弘塑、辛耘及万润等带来庞大商机。

弘塑和辛耘第3季营收也因进入入帐高峰，分别达到历史次高及历史新高纪录。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

主要产品为：

线材系列： DC电源线、USB连接线、转接线材、HDMI线、RCA音视频连接线、MHL连接线、HDMI高清数据线、USB数据线、MHL 手机数据线材、RCA音频视频线、三星S3 S4转接及数据线、DVI连接线、DB连接线、MINI DIN连接线、弹弓线

连接器系列：Mini USB接口连接器、HDMI接口连接器、手机连接器、USB接口连接器、DIN接口连接器、DIN连接器、Mini USB连接器、HDMI连接器

热敏电阻系列：高耐热性热敏电阻、贴片热敏电阻、热敏电阻传感器、高精度热敏电阻、高耐热性电阻

红外线感应器系列：非接触红外传感器、热电堆

二极管系列

烤线加工等相关线材组立加工。已通过ISO-9001:2008质量管理体系认证和ISO-14001:2004 环境管理体系认证。直接海外美金付款同时可开具17％的增值税发票和提供转厂合同，满足广大客户的需求。

:手机投影仪制作 电动吊架 在线式ups sony电视hdmi接口在哪 大功率发光二极管 滤波片 固定 《魂斗罗》水下八关 犀牛角与牛角鉴别图片 三星otg转接线 博洋家纺艾赛斯芦荟被 ide转接线 三排 手机重力传感器 sf6红外传感器 投影仪尺寸规格 三星手机拆排线图解 发光二极管0603 双耳 mx2怎么用mhl 电感传感器填空题答案

海力士火灾后续：第三季度芯片获利创纪录

海力士火灾后续：第三季度芯片获利创纪录

Hynix周二表示，预计本季度动态随机存取记忆体(DRAM)芯片市场将继续增长，因来自PC厂商的记忆体存储需求增加。

Hynix是全球第二大记忆体芯片生产商。该公司公布7-9月录得1.2万亿(兆)韩元(11亿美元)营业利润，高于汤森路透I/B/E/S调查中分析师预期的1.08万亿韩元。

SK Hynix第二季获利1.1万亿韩元，去年同期为亏损240亿韩元。

Hynix在中国的工厂此前遭遇火灾，目前尚未完全恢复运作。火灾发生前，该工厂电脑记忆体芯片产量占全球产量的15%左右。

Hynix的支柱产品--DRAM芯片平均售价第三季上涨5%，很大程度上因为中国工厂失火导致供应紧张，价格上涨抵消了出货减少2%的影响。

第三季营收跳增69%，至创纪录的4.1万亿韩元。

Hynix股价在业绩公布后上涨0.2%，而大盘 则下跌0.4%。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

主要产品为：

线材系列： DC电源线、USB连接线、转接线材、HDMI线、RCA音视频连接线、MHL连接线、HDMI高清数据线、USB数据线、MHL 手机数据线材、RCA音频视频线、三星S3 S4转接及数据线、DVI连接线、DB连接线、MINI DIN连接线、弹弓线

连接器系列：Mini USB接口连接器、HDMI接口连接器、手机连接器、USB接口连接器、DIN接口连接器、DIN连接器、Mini USB连接器、HDMI连接器

热敏电阻系列：高耐热性热敏电阻、贴片热敏电阻、热敏电阻传感器、高精度热敏电阻、高耐热性电阻

红外线感应器系列：非接触红外传感器、热电堆

二极管系列

烤线加工等相关线材组立加工。已通过ISO-9001:2008质量管理体系认证和ISO-14001:2004 环境管理体系认证。直接海外美金付款同时可开具17％的增值税发票和提供转厂合同，满足广大客户的需求。

:汽车usb连接线 ddk 投影仪安装高度 电脑周边连接线招聘 高频转接线 473热敏电阻 xlzx.btbu.edu.cn 肖特基检波二极管 wago2060 气体流量传感器原理 usb电源线接法 htc sensation td rom 线性电源 原理图 倍加福 滤波电容的作用 耳机连接线 手机管家pc连接器 联想连接投影仪 天线宝宝全集播放 有机二极管

英飞凌汽车电子开发者大会完善业内生态圈 促进本土化合作发展

英飞凌汽车电子开发者大会完善业内生态圈 促进本土化合作发展

继成功举办第一届之后，英飞凌汽车电子开发者大会2013将于10月31日和11月1日在上海同济大学嘉定校区举办。

21ic讯 英飞凌自1995年进入中国市场以来，一直致力于中国本土化的合作与发展。英飞凌汽车电子生态圈线上线下平台便是为了推动本土设计产业化而创立的汽车电子领域系统方案层级的B-2-B交流平台，该平台旨在为主机厂、零部件厂商、第三方的科研机构、芯片供应商、开发工具厂商和检测认证机构等产业链各个环节之间建立一座沟通桥梁，推进系统方案层级的合作，多方共赢。年度汽车电子开发者大会是生态圈线下平台的主要组成部分之一。生态圈的建立，不仅是商务模式上的一大创新，同时，也为产业链的可持续发展创造了新的机会。

英飞凌汽车电子开发者大会主要包括两大互动环节：技术论坛和系统方案自由洽谈。英飞凌亚太区战略商务项目部和汽车电子工程师精英团队将集体出席，在6个分会场为大家带来动力总成、车身、安全、新能源这4大应用领域的19个技术主题宣讲，同时，产业链各个环节的参会者可以在系统方案自由洽谈区进行系统方案层级的交流。

英飞凌战略商务项目团队将与车厂，本土零部件厂商，以及独立科研机构切磋与推进本土设计产业化的步伐，并逐步扩大英飞凌汽车电子亚太区产业化合作伙伴网络。

英飞凌亚太区工程师团队将介绍英飞凌在以下19个本土热门技术专题的创新解决方案：胎压监测、车灯控制、48V电机控制、发动机附件控制电子化、电动车窗，车身和电机控制、汽车无线通讯芯片布版和测试技巧、驾驶辅助系统的摄像头系统、主逆变器IGBT、汽配系统、基于Aurix的电子助力转向、满足ASIL的Aurix32位处理器、带有局部网络唤醒功能的系统基础芯片、基于ISO26262的电子助力转向系统，以及车身领域的发展趋势。同时，将专门设立答疑区域和展示区域，英飞凌的工程师们将轮番上阵，为到场的嘉宾们解答技术疑难;展示区域里，不仅将展出英飞凌汽车电子最新的解决方案，独立科研机构和第三方工具厂商也将演示他们的相关方案。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

主要产品为：

线材系列： DC电源线、USB连接线、转接线材、HDMI线、RCA音视频连接线、MHL连接线、HDMI高清数据线、USB数据线、MHL 手机数据线材、RCA音频视频线、三星S3 S4转接及数据线、DVI连接线、DB连接线、MINI DIN连接线、弹弓线

连接器系列：Mini USB接口连接器、HDMI接口连接器、手机连接器、USB接口连接器、DIN接口连接器、DIN连接器、Mini USB连接器、HDMI连接器

热敏电阻系列：高耐热性热敏电阻、贴片热敏电阻、热敏电阻传感器、高精度热敏电阻、高耐热性电阻

红外线感应器系列：非接触红外传感器、热电堆

二极管系列

烤线加工等相关线材组立加工。已通过ISO-9001:2008质量管理体系认证和ISO-14001:2004 环境管理体系认证。直接海外美金付款同时可开具17％的增值税发票和提供转厂合同，满足广大客户的需求。

:可以投影手机 haxn 公厕红外感应节水器 可控硅散热器 网线连接器价格 vga转hdmi 有效果么 htc one x支持otg吗 三星10P12P14P 教育投影仪 hdmi转ypbpr ps2转usb转接器 电容式传感器 血压计 aux 3.5mm接头转2rca 0805电阻耐压 plcc44封装尺寸 iphone5的pin码 1w稳压管 传输 康明斯机油压力传感器 热敏式风速传感器

集成整合设计理念大行其道 MCU与模拟器件整合潮流到来?

集成整合设计理念大行其道 MCU与模拟器件整合潮流到来?

集成整合的设计理念大行其道。数字芯片是当前业界瞩目的焦点，但是即便数字IC的性能再优异，如果没有模拟IC的搭配，无法充分发挥其优势。因此，模拟器件必然成为整合大潮中的一份子。MCU集成模拟外设便是这一市场趋势的具体体现。

随着技术的发展，人们越来越需要将各种外界物理量，如温度、压力、流量等，转换成数字信号，再对这些数据进行处理，这是未来物联网概念基本的体现。在整个链路中，传感器可将物理量转换成电信号，经由放大及信号调理电路对这些信号进行处理，再经过A/D转换器，将模拟信号转换成数字信号，而MCU则可对数据进行处理并产生控制数字信号，这些信号经过D/A转换并变成电压/电流，驱动外部的开关/继电器等执行器件，最终通过各种接口进行通信。由此可见，MCU与模拟器件在功能上有越来越多的结合。因此，从系统的角度来看，将MCU与模拟器件集成具有市场意义。

首先，它可以简化电路设计，使系统具有更高的集成度。其次，在减少MCU外围器件的同时，也减少了工程师设计时出错的可能性，从而提高了系统的可靠性、工程师设计的便利性。最后，可以减小板级尺寸，对产品的轻薄化有利，甚至还有可能降低系统成本。这使得MCU的集成化趋势在近几年来得到了很好的演绎，一些国际领先的大厂商也开始了这方面的研发。不仅ARM阵营的MCU大厂开始集成模拟外设，MIPS阵营的MCU厂商也在积极推出相关产品。如Microchip公司近年来在MCU与模拟模块集合上便有相当建树，推出了系列产品。

当然，这种集合也存在相当多的挑战。毕竟模拟电路和数字电路设计理念存在诸多不同，将两个存在矛盾的功能块结合在一起时，倘若芯片内部处理不好的话，将降低整个芯片及系统的性能。另外，中国的工程师更擅长软件编程和数字电路设计，这些方面相对更容易快速掌握。而具有模拟电路设计经验的工程师则需要长时间的培养。这使得工程师在电路设计时，擅长对数字电路(MCU)方面的设计，而对于外围的模拟功能块，则只能参考芯片厂家提供的参考设计以及有限的技术支持。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

主要产品为：

线材系列： DC电源线、USB连接线、转接线材、HDMI线、RCA音视频连接线、MHL连接线、HDMI高清数据线、USB数据线、MHL 手机数据线材、RCA音频视频线、三星S3 S4转接及数据线、DVI连接线、DB连接线、MINI DIN连接线、弹弓线

连接器系列：Mini USB接口连接器、HDMI接口连接器、手机连接器、USB接口连接器、DIN接口连接器、DIN连接器、Mini USB连接器、HDMI连接器

热敏电阻系列：高耐热性热敏电阻、贴片热敏电阻、热敏电阻传感器、高精度热敏电阻、高耐热性电阻

红外线感应器系列：非接触红外传感器、热电堆

二极管系列

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Toxic ocean conditions during major extinction 93.9 million years ago quantified: Doesn't take much sulfide to impact ocean life

Toxic ocean conditions during major extinction 93.9 million years ago quantified: Doesn't take much sulfide to impact ocean life

The most studied and extensive of these events occurred 93.9 million years ago. By looking at the chemistry of rocks deposited during that time period, specifically coupled carbon and sulfur isotope data, a research team led by University of California, Riverside biogeochemists reports that oxygen-free and hydrogen sulfide-rich waters extended across roughly five percent of the global ocean during this major climatic perturbation -- far more than the modern ocean's 0.1 percent but much less than previous estimates for this event.

The research suggests that previous estimates of oxygen-free and hydrogen sulfide-rich conditions, or "euxinia," were too high. Nevertheless, the limited and localized euxinia were still sufficiently widespread to have dramatic effect on the entire ocean's chemistry and thus biological activity.

"These conditions must have impacted nutrient availability in the ocean and ultimately the spatial and temporal distribution of marine life," said team member Jeremy D. Owens, a former UC Riverside graduate student, who is now a postdoctoral scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. "Under low-oxygen environments, many biologically important metals and other nutrients are removed from seawater and deposited in the sediments on the seafloor, making them less available for life to flourish."

"What makes this discovery particularly noteworthy is that we mapped out a landscape of bioessential elements in the ocean that was far more perturbed than we expected, and the impacts on life were big," said Timothy W. Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry at UCR, Owens's former advisor and the principal investigator on the research project.

Study results appear online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Across the event 93.9 million years ago, a major biological extinction in the marine realm has already been documented. Also associated with this event are high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which are linked to elevated ocean and atmospheric temperatures. Associated consequences include likely enhanced global rainfall and weathering of the continents, which further shifted the chemistry of the ocean.

"Our work shows that even though only a small portion of the ocean contained toxic and metal-scavenging hydrogen sulfide, it was sufficiently large so that changes to the ocean's chemistry and biology were likely profound," Owens said. "What this says is that only portions of the ocean need to contain sulfide to greatly impact biota."

For their analysis, the researchers collected seafloor mud samples, now rock, from multiple localities in England and Italy. They then performed chemical extraction on the samples to analyze the sulfur isotope compositions in order to estimate the chemistry of the global ocean.

According to the researchers, the importance of their study is elevated by the large amount of previous work on the same interval and thus the extensive availability of supporting data and samples. Yet despite all this past research, the team was able to make a fundamental discovery about the global conditions in the ancient ocean and their impacts on life.

"Today, we are facing rising carbon dioxide contents in the atmosphere through human activities, and the amount of oxygen in the ocean may drop correspondingly in the face of rising seawater temperatures," Lyons said. "Oxygen is less soluble in warmer water, and there are already suggestions of such decreases. In the face of these concerns, our findings from the warm, oxygen-poor ancient ocean may be a warning shot about yet another possible perturbation to marine ecology in the future."

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Common bias known as 'endowment effect' not present in hunter-gatherer societies

Common bias known as 'endowment effect' not present in hunter-gatherer societies

Oct. 28, 2013 — Centuries of economic theory have been based on one simple premise: when given a choice between two items, people make the rational decision and select the one they value more. But as with many simple premises, this one has a flaw in that it is demonstrably untrue.

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The fields of psychology and behavioral economics have experimentally identified a laundry list of common biases that cause people to act against their own apparent interests. One of these biases -- the mere fact of possessing something raises its value to its owner -- is known as the "endowment effect."

A new interdisciplinary study from the University of Pennsylvania has delved into whether this bias is truly universal, and whether it might have been present in humanity's evolutionary past.

The study was led by Coren Apicella, an assistant professor in Penn's School of Arts and Sciences' Department of Psychology, and Eduardo Azevedo, an assistant professor in Wharton's Department of Business Economics and Public Policy. They collaborated with Yale's Nicholas Christakis and the University of California, San Diego's James Fowler.

It will be published in the American Economic Review.

A classic endowment effect experiments involves giving participants one of two items, such as a chocolate bar and a mug, and then asking whether they would like to trade for the other. As the starting item is selected at random, there should be a 50 percent chance that participants initially receive the item they like best and thus a 50 percent chance that they will trade.

"What we see, however, is that people trade only about 10 percent of the time," Azevedo said. "Simply telling someone they own something makes them value it more. That is, the way you ask the question changes what item people prefer, unlike what you would expect from rational economic behavior."

One problem with these experiments is that they generally involve participants from so-called "WEIRD" -- western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic -- societies. Apicella drew on her decade-long study of the Hadza people of Tanzania to provide a new perspective. The Hadza are one of the last hunter-gatherer societies on Earth, living in small, nomadic camps that communally share nearly all their possessions.

"We wanted to examine whether the endowment effect was something that occurs in non-WEIRD societies, since they represent the vast majority of human populations that have ever existed," Apicella said. "Even if it's not a perfect window into our past, it's at least a different perspective than what you get when you study your average college student. The fact that the Hadza remain relatively isolated from Western culture, media and ideals makes them a good group with which to investigate the history and universality of biases like the endowment effect."

The history of the endowment effect is of particular interest to evolutionary psychologists, as experiments to test its presence in non-human primates, such as orangutans, chimpanzees and gorillas, has been met with mixed results. That some non-human primates exhibit the bias could mean that it was present in the last common ancestor between them and humans, but it could also mean that they learned the behavior by participating in other reward-based studies.

The area of North Tanzania where the Hadza live provided a natural way to further investigate the role of culture in transmitting this bias, as a large lake separates some, but not all, of the camps from a nearby village. People living in the camps on the near side of the lake have much more frequent interactions with tourists and commerce, often buying items from stores in the village, or selling bows and arrows to visitors.

The researchers conducted versions of the endowment effect experiment in several different camps, and compared the results.

In order to avoid bias from items that might be more or less valuable in the environment the Hadza live in, the researchers constructed the experiments so that participants chose between items that had only cosmetic differences. Participants would be given either a package of cookies, with the option to trade it for a different flavor, or given a lighter, with the option to trade it for a different color. They also ensured that the participant knew that the variety he or she received at the start was a random choice, and varied whether the participant got to physically hold the item before given the option to trade it for another variety.

"We wanted to use both food and tools, as experiments with non-human primates show an endowment effect for the former but not the latter," Apicella said. "However, we saw that it didn't make a difference whether a person was choosing between cookies or lighters. The difference-maker was their relative level of isolation from modern life."

"The more isolated Hadza traded about 50 percent of the time -- which is what rational people should do," Azevedo said. People near the village traded about 25 percent of the time, which is much closer to the 10 percent we see with Western students."

"To make sure this wasn't a case of the more capitalistic people moving closer to the village, we also asked the people about their social networks," Azevedo said. "The percentage of people who named someone in a distant camp was very small. Quantitatively, it seems impossible that the difference in endowment effect between two camps could be explained by migration."

With that potential caveat accounted for, one explanation for the apparent lack of an endowment effect in the more isolated camps is that the bias is a learned behavior that comes with exposure to capitalistic societies. However, an alternative explanation could be that both groups experience the effect, but it is suppressed in the more communal groups by social pressures.

"We need to study this further to see which explanation holds," Apicella said. "Either way the results suggest that these isolated hunter-gatherers are more rational than the average western consumer when it comes to economic decisions."

The research was supported by funding from the Science of Generosity Initiative of the University of Notre Dame and the John Templeton Foundation and by the National Institute on Aging.

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SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

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