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2013-12-03

New algorithm finds you, even in untagged photos

Developed by Parham Aarabi, a professor in The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, and his former Master's student Ron Appel, the search tool uses tag locations to quantify relationships between individuals, even those not tagged in any given photo.

Imagine you and your mother are pictured together, building a sandcastle at the beach. You're both tagged in the photo quite close together. In the next photo, you and your father are eating watermelon. You're both tagged. Because of your close 'tagging' relationship with both your mother in the first picture and your father in the second, the algorithm can determine that a relationship exists between those two and quantify how strong it may be.

In a third photo, you fly a kite with both parents, but only your mother is tagged. Given the strength of your 'tagging' relationship with your parents, when you search for photos of your father the algorithm can return the untagged photo because of the very high likelihood he's pictured.

"Two things are happening: we understand relationships, and we can search images better," says Professor Aarabi.

The nimble algorithm, called relational social image search, achieves high reliability without using computationally intensive object- or facial-recognition software. "If you want to search a trillion photos, normally that takes at least a trillion operations. It's based on the number of photos you have," says Aarabi. "Facebook has almost half a trillion photos, but a billion users -- it's almost a 500 order of magnitude difference. Our algorithm is simply based on the number of tags, not on the number of photos, which makes it more efficient to search than standard approaches."

Work on this project began in 2005 in Professor Aarabi's Mobile Applications Lab, Canada's first lab space for mobile application development.

Currently the algorithm's interface is primarily for research, but Aarabi aims to see it incorporated on the back-end of large image databases or social networks. "I envision the interface would be exactly like you use Facebook search -- for users, nothing would change. They would just get better results," says Aarabi.

While testing the algorithm, Aarabi and Appel discovered an unforeseen application: a new way to generate maps. They tagged a few photographs of buildings around the University of Toronto and ran them through the system with a bunch of untagged campus photos. "The result we got was of almost a pseudo-map of the campus from all these photos we had taken, which was very interesting," says Aarabi.

This work received support from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. It will be presented at the IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia Dec. 10, 2013.

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Business Altera launches 20nm tools

2013/12/02

Altera arria Altera has come up with development tools for 20nm IC design, based on TSMC’s 20 nm process technology. The annual software subscription is $2,995 for a node-locked PC license.

The Quartus II software Arria 10 edition is for designing 20nm FPGAs and SoCs that, says Altera ‘simultaneously deliver a 15% performance gain over current high-end FPGAs and up to 40% lower power than previous midrange devices’.

“For the past six months early access customers have successfully used Quartus II software to design Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs, and today we are pleased to make this software support available to all users who want the quickest path to 20nm devices,” said Altera’s Premal Buch.

“Quartus II software uses leading-edge algorithms that take advantage of modern multi-core computing technologies. Architecting our software this way enables us to extend Quartus II software support to Altera’s next-generation product families and continue to deliver the industry’s fastest compile times,” added Buch.

Quartus II users can design, simulate and compile Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs using the software. The software release includes advanced timing models and final pin outs to enable board layout.

The Quartus II software Arria 10 edition supports multiple FPGA and SoC devices, including the largest density midrange Arria 10 device, featuring up to 1.15 million logic elements (LEs).

Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs offer 2X greater system integration than competitive midrange devices, including up to 1.15 million logic elements (LEs), variable-precision digital signal processing (DSP) blocks with more than 3300 18×19 multipliers and integrated hard IP and the option of an integrated processor system that features a 1.5GHz dual-core ARMCortex-A9 processor.

Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs also provide 4X greater bandwidth compared to the current generation, including 28Gbit/s transceivers, and 3X higher system performance, including support for PCIeGen3 x8, 2666Mbit/s DDR4 and up to 15Gbit/s Hybrid Memory Cube.

Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs devices will be supported by Altera’s Enprion optimized power solutions that deliver a combination of high efficiency, small footprint, and low noise performance in an integrated product.

Applications for Arria 10 FPGAs and SoCs are, says Altera, mobile backhaul by integrating the control plane processor, network processor, switches, and IO expansion into a single FPGA; broadcast and studio equipment via integrated video and image processing including 4K, 3D, and codecs; andcloud computing storage systems.

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Koalas' low-pitched voice explained by unique organ

Dec. 2, 2013 — The pitch of male koalas' mating calls is about 20 times lower than it should be, given the Australian marsupial's relatively small size. Now, researchers reporting in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on December 2 have discovered their secret: koalas have a specialized sound-producing organ that has never before been seen in any other land-dwelling mammal. The key feature of this newly described organ is its location outside the voice box, what scientists call the larynx.

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"We have discovered that koalas possess an extra pair of vocal folds that are located outside the larynx, where the oral and nasal cavities connect," says Benjamin Charlton of the University of Sussex. "We also demonstrated that koalas use these additional vocal folds to produce their extremely low-pitched mating calls."

The koala's bellow calls are produced as a continuous series of sounds on inhalation and exhalation, similar to a donkey's braying, Charlton explains. On inhalation, koala bellows sound a bit like snoring. As the animals exhale, the sound is more reminiscent of belching. And, as Charlton says, "they are actually quite loud."

They are also incredibly low-pitched, more typical of an animal the size of an elephant. Size is related to pitch in that the dimensions of the laryngeal vocal folds normally constrain the lowest frequency that an animal can generate. As a result, smaller species will typically give calls with higher frequencies than larger ones.

Koalas have bypassed that constraint by putting those vocal folds in a new location. Charlton describes the folds as two long, fleshy lips in the soft palette, just above the larynx at the junction between the oral and nasal cavities. They may not look all that different from the laryngeal vocal folds of other mammals, but their location is highly unusual.

"To our knowledge, the only other example of a specialized sound-producing organ in mammals that is independent of the larynx are the phonic lips that toothed whales use to generate echolocation clicks," Charlton says.

The combination of morphological, video, and acoustic data in the new study represents the first evidence in a terrestrial mammal of an organ other than the larynx that is dedicated to sound production. Charlton says that he and his colleagues will now look more closely at other mammals to find out whether this vocal adaptation is truly unique to koalas.

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'Nanosponge vaccine' fights MRSA toxins

The nanosponges at the foundation of the experimental "toxoid vaccine" platform are bio-compatible particles made of a polymer core wrapped in a red-blood-cell membrane. Each nanosponge's red-blood-cell membrane seizes and detains the Staphylococcus aureus (staph) toxin alpha-haemolysin without compromising the toxin's structural integrity through heating or chemical processing. These toxin-studded nanosponges served as vaccines capable of triggering neutralizing antibodies and fighting off otherwise lethal doses of the toxin in mice.

Toxoid vaccines protect against a toxin or set of toxins, rather than the organism that produces the toxin(s). As the problem of antibiotic resistance worsens, toxoid vaccines offer a promising approach to fight infections without reliance on antibiotics.

"With our toxoid vaccine, we don't have to worry about antibiotic resistance. We directly target the alpha-haemolysin toxin," said Liangfang Zhang, a nanoengineering professor at UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering and the senior author on the paper. Targeting the alpha-haemolysin toxin directly has another perk. "These toxins create a toxic environment that serves as a defense mechanism which makes it harder for the immune system to fight Staph bacteria," explained Zhang.

Beyond MRSA and other staph infections, the nanosponge vaccine approach could be used to create vaccines that protect against a wide range of toxins, including those produced by E. coli and H. pylori.

This work from Zhang's Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine Laboratory at the UC San Diego included nanoengineering post-doctoral researcher Che-Ming "Jack" Hu, nanoengineering graduate student Ronnie Fang, and bioengineering graduate student Brian Luk.

The researchers found that their nanosponge vaccine was safe and more effective than toxoid vaccines made from heat-treated staph toxin. After one injection, just 10 percent of staph-infected mice treated with the heated version survived, compared to 50 percent for those who received the nanosponge vaccine. With two more booster shots, survival rates with the nanosponge vaccine were up to 100 percent, compared to 90 percent with the heat-treated toxin.

"The nanosponge vaccine was also able to completely prevent the toxin's damages in the skin, where MRSA infections frequently take place," said Zhang, who is also affiliated with the Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego.

Fighting Pore-Forming Toxins

This work is a twist on a project the UC San Diego nanoengineers presented earlier this year: a nanosponge that can sop up a variety of pore-forming toxins -- from bacterial proteins to snake venom -- in the body.

Pore-forming toxins work by punching holes in a cell's membrane and letting the cell essentially leak to death. But when toxins attack the red blood cell membrane draped over the nanoparticle, "nothing will happen. It just locks the toxin there," Zhang explained.

The nanoengineers wondered what would happen if they loaded one of their nanosponges with staph toxin in this way, and presented the whole package to an essential part of the immune system called dendritic cells. Could the loaded particles trigger an immune response and work as a toxoid vaccine?

Staph toxin is so powerful that it kills immune cells in its unaltered form. Most vaccine candidates, therefore, use a heat or chemically processed version of the toxin that unravels some of its proteins and makes it a little weaker. But this process also makes the immune response to the toxin a little weaker.

"The more you heat it, the safer the toxin is, but the more you heat it, the more you damage the structure of the protein," Zhang explained. "And this structure is what the immune cell recognizes, and builds its antibodies against."

The nanosponge toxoid vaccine gets around this problem by detaining -- but not changing -- the staph toxin. Like a dangerous but handcuffed prisoner, the staph toxin can be led to the dendritic cells of the immune system without causing any harm.

Before this, "there was no way you could deliver a native toxin to the immune cells without damaging the cells," Zhang said. "But this technology allows us to do this."

Each vaccine particle is approximately 85 nanometers in diameter; for comparison, about 1000 of them would fit across the width of a single human hair. They are cleared from the body after injection in about two weeks, the researchers found.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections, and can cause blood poisoning and surgical infections as well as pneumonia. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 80,000 Americans suffer from invasive MRSA infections each year, and over 11,000 of those individuals die. At the moment, there are no vaccines approved to protect humans against the toxins associated with staph infections, including those caused by MRSA strains.

The idea for a staph vaccine came about when the researchers considered the success of their nanosponge. If the particle was so good at collecting toxins, they wondered, what were the potential uses of a particle full of toxin? "To be honest, we never thought about the vaccine use from the beginning," Zhang noted. "But when we do research, we always want to look at a problem in reverse."

In a way, the toxoid vaccine hearkens back to their first use for the particles, as a cancer drug delivery device, Zhang noted.

The particles "work so beautifully," Zhang said, that it might be possible to detain several toxins at once on them, creating "one vaccine against many types of pore-forming toxins," from staph to snake venom.

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LED Lighting Plessey doubles efficiency of GaN-on-silicon LEDs

2013/12/02

11dec13PlesseyGen2Leds 500 Plessey has announced a second generation of GaN-on-silicon LEDs.

The 0.2W devices produce up to 12.3 lm, which works out at 61 lm/W, double the efficiency of the first generation.

“We have made great strides forward in refining, productising and improving our patented MAGIC [manufactured on GaN-on-Si IC] technology,” said Plessey CTO Dr Keith Strickland.

Dubbed PLW114050, the second-generation parts are sampling now, and will be the first in a family of entry-level LED lighting products.

Colour temperatures range from 2,700 to 6,500K, with a Lambertian distribution over +/-60°, in an industry standard 3020 package.

At 60mA, typical forward drop is 3.2V.

A full datasheet is available, and Plessey is also supplying the blue PLB010050 in sawn-wafer die form.

Applications are expected back lighting instrument panels, navigation equipment and audio systems, as well as in decorative lighting and illuminated symbols.

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Human stem cells converted to functional lung cells

Dec. 1, 2013 — For the first time, scientists have succeeded in transforming human stem cells into functional lung and airway cells. The advance, reported by Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers, has significant potential for modeling lung disease, screening drugs, studying human lung development, and, ultimately, generating lung tissue for transplantation. The study was published today in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

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"Researchers have had relative success in turning human stem cells into heart cells, pancreatic beta cells, intestinal cells, liver cells, and nerve cells, raising all sorts of possibilities for regenerative medicine," said study leader Hans-Willem Snoeck, MD, PhD, professor of medicine (in microbiology & immunology) and affiliated with the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Columbia Stem Cell Initiative. "Now, we are finally able to make lung and airway cells. This is important because lung transplants have a particularly poor prognosis. Although any clinical application is still many years away, we can begin thinking about making autologous lung transplants -- that is, transplants that use a patient's own skin cells to generate functional lung tissue."

The research builds on Dr. Snoeck's 2011 discovery of a set of chemical factors that can turn human embryonic stem (ES) cells or human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into anterior foregut endoderm -- precursors of lung and airway cells. (Human iPS cells closely resemble human ES cells but are generated from skin cells, by coaxing them into taking a developmental step backwards. Human iPS cells can then be stimulated to differentiate into specialized cells -- offering researchers an alternative to human ES cells.)

In the current study, Dr. Snoeck and his colleagues found new factors that can complete the transformation of human ES or iPS cells into functional lung epithelial cells (cells that cover the lung surface). The resultant cells were found to express markers of at least six types of lung and airway epithelial cells, particularly markers of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. Type 2 cells are important because they produce surfactant, a substance critical to maintain the lung alveoli, where gas exchange takes place; they also participate in repair of the lung after injury and damage.

The findings have implications for the study of a number of lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in which type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are thought to play a central role. "No one knows what causes the disease, and there's no way to treat it," says Dr. Snoeck. "Using this technology, researchers will finally be able to create laboratory models of IPF, study the disease at the molecular level, and screen drugs for possible treatments or cures."

"In the longer term, we hope to use this technology to make an autologous lung graft," Dr. Snoeck said. "This would entail taking a lung from a donor; removing all the lung cells, leaving only the lung scaffold; and seeding the scaffold with new lung cells derived from the patient. In this way, rejection problems could be avoided." Dr. Snoeck is investigating this approach in collaboration with researchers in the Columbia University Department of Biomedical Engineering.

"I am excited about this collaboration with Hans Snoeck, integrating stem cell science with bioengineering in the search for new treatments for lung disease," said Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, PhD, co-author of the paper and Mikati Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia's Engineering School and professor of medical sciences at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

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Messy children make better learners: Toddlers learn words for nonsolids better when getting messy in a highchair

Researchers at the University of Iowa studied how 16-month-old children learn words for nonsolid objects, from oatmeal to glue. Previous research has shown that toddlers learn more readily about solid objects because they can easily identify them due to their unchanging size and shape. But oozy, gooey, runny stuff? Not so much.

New research shows that changes if you put toddlers in a setting they know well, such as shoving stuff in their mouths. In those instances, word learning increases, because children at that age are "used to seeing nonsolid things in this context, when they're eating," says Larissa Samuelson, associate professor in psychology at the UI who has worked for years on how children learn to associate words with objects. "And, if you expose them to these things when they're in a highchair, they do better. They're familiar with the setting and that helps them remember and use what they already know about nonsolids."

In a paper published in the journal Developmental Science, Samuelson and her team at the UI tested their idea by exposing 16-month-olds to 14 nonsolid objects, mostly food and drinks such as applesauce, pudding, juice, and soup. They presented the items and gave them made-up words, such as "dax" or "kiv." A minute later, they asked the children to identify the same food in different sizes or shapes. The task required the youngsters to go beyond relying simply on shape and size and to explore what the substances were made of to make the correct identification and word choice.

Not surprisingly, many children gleefully dove into this task by poking, prodding, touching, feeling, eating -- and yes, throwing -- the nonsolids in order to understand what they were and make the correct association with the hypothetical names. The toddlers who interacted the most with the foods -- parents, interpret as you want -- were more likely to correctly identify them by their texture and name them, the study determined. For example, imagine you were a 16-month-old gazing at a cup of milk and a cup of glue. How would you tell the difference by simply looking?

"It's the material that makes many nonsolids," Samuelson notes, "and how children name them."

The setting matters, too, it seems. Children in a high chair were more apt to identify and name the food than those in other venues, such as seated at a table, the researchers found.

"It turns out that being in a high chair makes it more likely you'll get messy, because kids know they can get messy there," says Samuelson, the senior author on the paper. The authors say the exercise shows how children's behavior, environment (or setting) and exploration help them acquire an early vocabulary -- learning that is linked to better later cognitive development and functioning.

"It may look like your child is playing in the high chair, throwing things on the ground, and they may be doing that, but they are getting information out of (those actions)," Samuelson contends. "And, it turns out, they can use that information later. That's what the high chair did. Playing with these foods there actually helped these children in the lab, and they learned the names better."

"It's not about words you know, but words you're going to learn," Samuelson adds. Lynn Perry, who helped design the study and analyze the data as part of her doctoral studies at the UI, is the first author on the paper. Johanna Burdinie, who was an UI undergraduate during the project, is a contributing author.

The National Institutes of Health (grant number: R01 HD045713) funded the research. Burdinie was funded by a fellowship from the Iowa Center for Research for Undergraduates.

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2013-12-02

Business LTC sampling buck-boost charge controller with maximum power point tracking

2013/12/02

Linear Tech is inviting sample applications for a buck-boost lead-acid battery charge controller with maximum power point tracking designated LT8490.

The chip is designed to be a complete solution for solar panel-based battery chargers. It has true maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It will reject false maximas and track changes in solar panels etc.

No software or firmware development is required.

Target markets are grid solar/battery-powered equipment; LED lighting station power;oil well monitoring and highway messaging.

Key features are:

•VIN Range 6V to 80V
•VBAT Range 1.3V to 80V
•Single Inductor Allows VIN Above, Below, or Equal to VBAT
•Automatic MPPT for Solar Sources
•Automatic Temperature Compensation
•Input and Output Current Monitor Pins
•4 Integrated Feedback Loops, 3 With Status Pins
•Lead-Acid and Lithium Charge Algorithms
•Synchronizable Fixed Frequency: 100kHz to 400kHz
•No Software Development Required
•64-Pin 7mm x 11mm x 0.75mm QFN Package
APPLICATIONS:
•Solar or Wind Powered Battery Chargers
•Multiple Types of Lead Acid and Lithium Battery Chargers

MPPT is needed to extract the maximum power from the panel under all operating conditions including partial shade (leaves, bird droppings, shadows, snow, etc); panel temperature variation and panel aging.

MPPT’s benefits include that, off-grid solar panel systems, failure of the power system is costly; customers want to extract the most power they can from the panel; customers want to maximize the time interval needed between maintenance visits to the solar installation.

Solar panels (and wind/hand crank generators) are non-ideal power supplies over any reasonable operating range. They do not maintain stable output voltage or current as their load or input energy changes. Left by themselves, they will waste a large portion of their input energy unless their available output power is maximized and tracked as input conditions change.

The LT8490 implements MPPT by a modified incremental conductance (perturb and observe) method to track in real time. The device automatically uses MPPT when the input power supply (i.e., a solar panel) is too weak to maintain the maximum current and voltage limits in the charging profile.

A common problem for MPPT is the partial shading of a solar panel, which results in a number of local power maxima that can fool the controller into tracking a local power point that is not really the maximum. The IC mitigates this problem by periodically scanning the panel voltage from VINMAX to VINMIN to find the highest power point, which becomes the new MPP. The frequency of the scan is every 3 minutes. The duration is 1.75sec but can vary slightly depending on operating conditions.

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Business Loongson, ARM, Intel eye up IoT

2013/12/02

ARM Nandan Nayampally

China needs an ecosystem to support IoT, the chief architect of China’s Loongson microprocessor, Hu Weiwu, told a conference in Suzhou, China last week, reports Digitimes.

“The IT industry of China is big but very weak,” said Hu Weieu, “the 10 trillion RMB ($1.6trn) IT industry revenue only produces 3%~5% profit, and the total profit of the top 100 IT companies in China has only 40% of the profit of one company in the US (Apple).”

The answer for China, said Hu Weiwu, is building an ecosystem. China, he said, needs to build “a unified technology platform and commercial ecosystem for IoT in China.”

ARM’s Nandan Nayampally, told the conference: “Enabling ecosystems that drive innovation is a critical part of what ARM does.”

Nayampally pointed out: “8.7 billion ARM processors were shipped in 2012. As sensors will be pervasive in the new IoT era, it is estimated the cumulative shipment of ARM processors will reach 150 billion by 2020. We are just at the beginning of the revolution.”

Intel’s Jim Robertson told the conference that Intel had established an “IoT Solutions Group”.

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Comet ISON may have survived

Dec. 1, 2013 — Continuing a history of surprising behavior, material from Comet ISON appeared on the other side of the sun on the evening on Nov. 28, 2013, despite not having been seen in observations during its closest approach to the sun.

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As ISON appeared to dim and fizzle in several observatories and later could not be seen at all by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory or by ground based solar observatories, many scientists believed it had disintegrated completely. However, a streak of bright material streaming away from the sun appeared in the European Space Agency and NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory later in the evening. The question remains whether it is merely debris from the comet, or if some portion of the comet's nucleus survived, but late-night analysis from scientists with NASA's Comet ISON Observing Campaign suggest that there is at least a small nucleus intact.

Throughout the year that researchers have watched Comet ISON -- and especially during its final approach to the sun -- the comet brightened and dimmed in unexpected ways. Such brightness changes usually occur in response to material boiling off the comet, and different material will do so at different temperatures thus providing clues as to what the comet is made of. Analyzing this pattern will help scientists understand the composition of ISON, which contains material assembled during the very formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.

For more information on Comet ISON: www.nasa.gov/ison

To download recent ISON imagery: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/Gallery/CometISON.html

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Business ARM joins investors in Cambridge business incubator

2013/12/01

Future Business Centre, Cambridge

Cambridge-based charity Allia has raised £4.2m through a bond issue to complete the financing for an incubation centre for social and environmental enterprises.

The majority of funds invested in the bonds have been provided by four local companies: TTP, Xaar, RealVNC and ARM.

Having taken a year to build at a total cost of £9m, the Future Business Centre has its first business tenants.

The costs of construction have been partly funded by a range of grants and donations, including from the European Regional Development Fund. The £4.2 million raised through the bonds will now complete the financing for the Centre.

Additional investments were made by construction company Interserve, the Cambridgeshire Chamber of Commerce and local individuals.

“We’re delighted that these local companies are using their success to invest in the next generation of up and coming enterprises in Cambridge,” said Tim Jones, Chief Executive of Allia.

“We invite others to follow their example, whether by financial support, mentoring or offering services, to help entrepreneurs who want to make a positive impact in the world.”

According to Alex Bevis, Finance Director of Xaar: “We hope that our investment in the Future Business Centre will help businesses to grow, creating even more jobs in Cambridgeshire.”

And Dr Andy Harter, CEO of Cambridge software company RealVNC, described the Centre as a “purpose built facility of exceptional quality and design aimed at social enterprise and cleantech organisations”.

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